Which document governs the status of U.S. forces stationed in Japan?

The Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) governs the status of U.S. forces stationed in Japan, specifically outlining the legal rights, obligations, and privileges of American military personnel and their families while they are in Japan. This agreement is critical as it defines areas such as jurisdiction over criminal cases, taxation, the use of facilities, and various administrative procedures related to the presence of U.S. troops.

The other documents mentioned, while relevant in a broader context, do not specifically handle the status and legal framework for U.S. military forces in Japan. For instance, the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security focuses on the alliance and defense commitments between the U.S. and Japan, rather than the operational and legal details for the stationed forces. Military Orders and Directives relate to the internal directives within the military but do not address international legal standing. The Constitution of Japan outlines the fundamental laws governing Japan as a state but does not provide specific provisions related to foreign military forces stationed in the country. Thus, the SOFA is the primary governing document for the status of U.S. forces in Japan.